Nancy A. Ecclestone, Canada

C. Jessie Jones, United States

The recognized value of physical activity in preserving functional capacity and reducing physical frailty in later years, combined with the support of the medical community, has resulted in numerous senior fitness and physical activity classes springing up in various facilities (e.g., senior centers, hospitals, recreation departments, health and fitness clubs, churches, YMCAs, community centers, retirement communities, long-term care facilities) throughout the world. Because of the lack of licensure or endorsement of training guidelines for preparing physical activity instructors of older adults, facility directors can hire whom they want, regardless of the instructors' educational backgrounds. People receiving little or no specialized training can advertise themselves as senior fitness instructors. Most older adults lack the knowledge and experience to determine whether the physical activity program in which they are participating is safe and effective. Experts in the field have argued that because of the range of medical conditions and functional abilities of the 65-and-older population, physical activity instructors of older adults require more knowledge, skills, and experience than instructors of younger adults. Unfortunately, because of the lack of endorsed curriculum training guidelines to prepare physical activity instructors of older adults, some training programs have not required instructors to attain essential knowledge and skills for instructing older adults in a safe and effective way.

Historically, the development of the International Curriculum Guidelines for Preparing Physical Activity Instructors of Older Adults began at the 1996 World International Congress on Physical Activity, Aging and Sport held in Heidelberg, Germany. Delegates from several countries met and developed a draft document; however, the guidelines were never published. Subsequently, Canada developed national guidelines in 2003 (appendix A) under the leadership of the Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging and with the support of Health Canada. In the United States, representatives from six national organizations developed and published national standards in 1998 (appendix B). In 2003, the two separate documents from the United States (national standards) and Canada (national guidelines) were condensed into one document and titled the International Curriculum Guidelines for Preparing Physical Activity Instructors of Older Adults. Then, a coalition of members from 13 countries and a committee from the United States (appendix C) agreed to review and make recommendations for this document. These international guidelines were then presented at the 6th World Congress on Aging and Physical Activity held in London, Ontario, Canada (August 3 to 7, 2004) by the co-chairs of this initiative, Nancy Ecclestone (Canada) and C. Jessie Jones (United States). The International Curriculum Guidelines for Preparing Physical Activity Instructors of Older Adults is a consensus document that outlines each of the major content areas that experts recommend should be included in any entry-level training program with the goal of preparing physical activity instructors to work with older adults. The principles and perspectives of the World Health Organization (WHO) Active Ageing Policy Framework are reflected in this document. Organizations and coalitions currently endorsing the guidelines are listed in appendix D.

These guidelines can be applied to older adults across the continuum from healthy, independent older adults in community settings to functionally dependent older adults in long-term care. Advanced training would be necessary for instructors interested in working with older adults with severe disabilities or cognitive impairment in rehabilitation settings or managing and directing facilities, especially ones providing insurance reimbursement and those that serve a more frail older adult population.

Because of the complexity of the fitness industry and the differences in state and national requirements throughout the world, we believe that it is the responsibility of individual associations and organizations to develop the details of each major content area within each curriculum module, to develop appropriate areas of emphasis, and to develop performance standards that indicate the level of achievement expected of their students. Because of the varied functional ability levels of older adults, it is important to be aware of the target population (community-dwelling, able older adults versus homebound or institutionalized frail older adults) and to develop the content to meet the specific needs of that population.

The purpose of the International Curriculum Guidelines for Preparing Physical Activity Instructors of Older Adults is to

(1) ensure safe, effective, and accessible physical activity and fitness programs for older adults; (2) develop competent physical activity instructors of older adults;

(3) provide more consistency among instructor training programs preparing physical activity instructors of older adults;

(4) inform administrators, physical activity instructors, and others about the minimum training guidelines recommended by the profession when recruiting physical activity instructors of older adults;

(5) clarify the definition and role of a physical activity instructor for older adults; and (6) establish the level of expertise required to help protect instructors and other facility staff from litigation (lawsuits).

These curriculum guidelines are not being developed to promote one certification or licensing body of physical activity instructors of older adults, but rather to provide curriculum guidelines to encourage more consistency among instructor training programs throughout the world. These guidelines do not include recommendations for

The following terms are commonly used when discussing training modules.

instructor: A physical activity instructor is broadly defined as a professional who teaches, educates, and trains people to do physical activities.

physical activity An encompassing term to mean any body movement produced by a skeletal muscle that results in energy expenditure.

exercise A subset of physical activity. It is planned and repetitive body movement, which improves or maintains one or more components of physical fitness (e.g., cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, balance, flexibility).

Recommended areas of study include general background information about the aging process and the benefits of an active lifestyle.

1. Demographic considerations (e.g., ethnicity, culture, gender) as they relate to individual participation in physical activity programs

2. Various definitions of aging (including pathological, usual, and successful aging)

3. The difference between the terms chronological, biological, and functional aging

4. The benefits of physical activity as it relates to the multiple dimensions of wellness (e.g., intellectual, emotional, physical, vocational, social, spiritual) and the prevention of chronic medical conditions, health promotion, and quality of life throughout the lifespan

5. Current research and epidemiology related to health and physical activity.

Recommended areas of study include psychological, sociocultural, and physiological aspects of physical activity in order to develop safe and effective physical activity and exercise programs for older adults.

1. Exercise science: Basic anatomy, physiology, neurology, motor learning and control, and exercise psychology

2. Myths, stereotypes, and barriers associated with aging and physical activity participation in later life

3. Predictors of successful aging (e.g., biological, psychological, and sociological theories of aging, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices)

4. The relationship between physical activity and psychosocial well-being

5. Age-associated physiological and biomechanical changes in multiple body systems (e.g., cardiovascular and respiratory systems, musculoskeletal system, and central nervous system) and how these changes affect functional mobility and independence

 

Recommended areas of study include information on selection, administration, and interpretation of pre-exercise health and activity screening and fitness and mobility assessments appropriate for older adults. This information will provide the basis for exercise program design and appropriate referrals to other health professionals.

1. Guidelines and procedures for the selection, administration, and interpretation of screening tools to determine the health, physical activity, and disability status of older adult participants

2. Health, activity, and other lifestyle appraisals, including identification risk factors for falls and cardiovascular complications

3. How and when to make appropriate referrals to, or seek advice from, physicians and other qualified allied health and fitness professionals

4. Physiological and functional fitness assessments (e.g., heart rate, blood pressure, body mass index, and field tests for strength, flexibility, submaximal endurance, and functional mobility such as balance, agility, gait, coordination, and power)

5. Psychological (e.g., self-efficacy, depression) and sociological (e.g., social support) assessments6. For homebound or institutionalized older adults, assessments of functional abilities (e.g., mobility, grooming, dressing, toileting) with input from caregivers. It is further recommended that training programs include information on establishing, with client input, realistic and measurable short-term, medium-term, and long-term goals.

1. Factors influencing physical activity participation among older adults, including barriers, motivators, regular involvement in physical activity, and behavior modification

2. Developing, monitoring, and modifying short-term and long-term activity goals based on results from screening and assessments and input from the participants and caregivers if appropriate

3. Importance of encouraging lifetime leisure physical activities (e.g., dancing, gardening, hiking, tennis, swimming) in addition to structured exercise programs

Recommended areas of study include information about using results from screening, assessment, and client goals to make appropriate decisions regarding individual and group physical activity and exercise program design and management.

1. Interpretation of prescreening and assessment data, and consideration of client goals, for effective program development

2. Exercise variables (e.g., mode, frequency, duration, intensity) and principles (i.e., overload, functional relevance, challenge, accommodation) for program design in both individual and group settings

3. Exercise training components and methods, including warm-up and cool-down, flexibility, resistance, aerobic endurance, balance and mobility, mind-body exercise, and aquatics for program design in both individual and group settings

4. Applied movement analysis for proper selection and implementation of specific exercises

5. Training formats and session designs for various functional abilities and individual and group exercise sequencing for exercise programming

6. Economic considerations and consequent options for equipment (e.g., quality for cost, safety, and age-friendliness)

7. Importance of making healthy lifestyle choices (e.g., proper nutrition, stress management, and smoking cessation)

8. An organizational system for participant recruitment, tracking exercise compliance, and maintaining other client information

9. Methods for client reassessment and program

Recommended areas of study include information about motor learning principles that guide the selection and delivery of effective individualized and group exercises and physical activities, and the construction of safe and effective practice environments.

1. Application of motor learning principles for proper client instruction, verbal cues, feedback, and reinforcement

2. Structure of the learning environment to facilitate optimal learning of motor skills

3. Development of safe, friendly, and fun exercise and physical activity environments (e.g., appropriate use of humor, special equipment, creative movements, music, novelty, and props)

4. Issues facing older adults that may affect motivation (e.g., depression, social isolation, learned helplessness, low self-efficacy)

5. Development of lesson plans and elements of instruction

6. Methods for self-evaluation of teaching effectiveness

7. Monitoring and adjustment of exercise variables (e.g., frequency, intensity, duration, mode)

 

Recommended areas of study include information on incorporating effective motivational, communication, and leadership skills related to teaching individual and group exercise classes as well as professional leadership skills, and how to create effective marketing tools for program and self.

1. Principles of individual and group dynamics in structured exercise settings

2. Translation of technical terminology into client-friendly language

3. Incorporating leadership skills into personal training and group physical activity classes to enhance teaching effectiveness and client satisfaction

4. Application of positive interpersonal interaction behaviors to work with a heterogeneous older adult population (e.g., gender, ethnicity, education level) in both group and individual exercise settings

5. Listening skills and reception to participants' feedback

6. Development of social support strategies (e.g., buddy system, telephone support)

7. Development of effective, age-friendly marketing strategies and tools of program and self, and methods of delivering the "right" message

 

Recommended areas of study include information on developing a risk-management plan to promote a safe exercise environment and respond to emergency situations.

1. Signs that indicate need for immediate exercise cessation or immediate medical consultation

2. Appropriate response to emergency situations such as would be covered in standard first-aid and CPR classes (e.g., cardiac arrest; airway obstruction; emergencies requiring rescue breathing; heat and cold-related injuries; musculoskeletal injuries including strains, sprains, and fractures; diabetic emergencies; bleeding; falls; seizures; and shock)

3. Establishment of an emergency action plan4. Identification of a safe and age-friendly exercise environment (e.g., working conditions of equipment, accessibility, ventilation, lighting, floor surfaces, proper footwear, access to water and washroom facilities) and precautions for environmental extremes (e.g., high or low temperatures and excessive humidity)

 

Recommended areas of study include information on legal, ethical, and professional conduct.

Suggested Topics

1. Legal issues related to delivering physical activity programs to older adults, including legal concepts and terminology

2. Issues related to lawsuits, including scope of practice, industry standards, and negligence and types of applicable insurance coverage

3. Ethical standards and personal conduct and scope of practice for physical activity instructors of older adults

4. Accessing resources for the enhancement of professional skills (e.g., position stands, ethical practices, professional practice guidelines consistent with the standards of care)

5. Methods of continuing education to enhance one’s professional skills

Canadian Guidelines for Leaders of Physical Activity Programs for Older Adults in Long-Term Care, Home Care and the Community (2003) can be found on the Web site of the Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging at www.uwo.ca/actage. These guidelines were produced as a result of the release, in the International Year of Older Persons (1999), of the following:

Several delegates representing a cross-section of health-related perspectives were instrumental in contributing to the development of the Canadian Guidelines. These contributions were solicited on the basis of their expertise and not necessarily their affiliations. Delegates (66) to the forums (¹Long_Term Care Forum, ²Home Care and Community Forum) that contributed to the Canadian guidelines include the following:

Elsie McMillan, St. John’s Nursing Home Board, St. John’s¹

Janet O’Dea, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Health Sciences Centre, St. John’s¹

Fran Cook, Memorial University Recreation Complex, St. John’s²

Moira Hennessey, Department of Health and Community Services, St. John’s²

Patricia Nugent, Health and Community Services, St. John’s Region, St. John²

Marilyn Kennedy, Acute and Continuing Care, Department of Health and Social Services, Charlottetown¹

Pat Malone, Senior Services Liaison-Acute and Continuing Care, Department of Health and Social Services, Charlottetown¹

Lona Penny, Dr. John Gillis Memorial Lodge, Belfast¹

Sharon Claybourne, Island Fitness Council, Charlottetown²

Denise Dreimanis, Nova Scotia Fitness & Lifestyle Leaders Association, ALCOA Speakers Bureau Dartmouth¹

Debra Leigh, Continuing Care Association of Nova Scotia, Halifax¹

Lygia Figueirado, Continuing Care, Government of Nova Scotia, Halifax²

Andrea Leonard, Home Support Association of Nova Scotia, Halifax²

Flora Dell, Active Living Coalition for Older Adults (ALCOA), Fredericton¹

Vicky Knight, Fredericton¹

Ron Davis, Camden Park Terrace, Moncton²

Phillipe Markon, Ste. Famille, Ile d’Orleans¹

Jaques Renaud, Association des Etablissments Prives Conventionnes, Montreal¹

Clermont Simard, DEP_PEPS, Université Laval, Sainte_Foy²

Jane Boudreau_Bailey, Chelsey Park Nursing Home, London¹

Liz Cyarto, Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, London¹

Nancy Ecclestone, Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, London^1,2

Clara Fitzgerald, Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, London^1,2

Janice Hutton, Canadian Association of Fitness Professionals, Markham¹

Marita Kloseck, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Parkwood Hospital, London¹

Jody Kyle, YMCA St. Catherines, St. Catherines¹

Darien Lazowski, Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, London¹

Stephanie Luxton, Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, London^1,2

Karen Macdonald, Canadian Red Cross Link to Health Program, Mississauga

Sandra Mallett, Allendale Long Term Care, Milton¹

Colleen Sonnenberg, Ministry of Health and Long_Term Care, Toronto¹

Sue Veitch, Kingston¹

Gabriel Blouin, Institute for Positive Health for Seniors, ALCOA, Ottawa²

Lynne Briggs, Advocacy Committee, Older Adult Centres Association of Ontario, Evergreen Seniors Centre, Guelph²

Carol Butler, PSW Program, Fanshawe College, London²

Trish Fitzpatrick, Client Services and Program Development, CCAC Oxford County, Woodstock²

Hania Goforth, Recreation Services, Lifestyle Retirement Communities, Mississauga²

John Griffin, George Brown College, Toronto²

Joan Hunter, Link to Health, Canadian Red Cross, Toronto²

Janice Hutton, Canadian Association of Fitness Professionals, Markham²

Jane Miller, Ontario Fitness Council, Toronto²

Don Paterson, University of Western Ontario, Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, London^1,2

Sheila Schuehlein, VON Canada, Kitchener²

Nancy Stelpstra, Ontario Fitness Council, Guelph²

Bert Taylor, University of Western Ontario, London¹

Bruce Taylor, Health Canada, Ottawa²

Sue Thorning, Ontario Community Support Association, Toronto²

Cindy Greenlay-Brown, West St. Paul¹

Jim Hamilton, Manitoba Seniors Directorate, Winnipeg^1,2

Hope Mattus, Health Accountability Policy and Planning, Seniors and Persons With Disabilities, Manitoba Health, Winnipeg^1,2

Russell Thorne, Manitoba Fitness Council, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg²

Angela Nunweiler, Community Care Branch, Saskatchewan Health, Regina¹

Bob Lidington, Saskatoon Home Support Services, Ltd, Saskatoon²

Jennifer Dechaine, Alberta Centre for Active Living, Edmonton¹

Timothy Fairbank, Capital Health Authority ADL/CRP, Edmonton²

Debbie Lee, Calgary Regional Health Authority, Calgary²

Debbie Ponich, Alberta Fitness Leadership Certification Association, Provincial Fitness Unit² Faculty of Physical Education & Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton²

Carol Hansen, Kwantlan University College, Surrey ^{1, 2}

Linda Mae Ross, Continuing Care Renewal Regional Programs, Victoria¹

Catherine Rutter, McIntosh Lodge, Chilliwack¹

Barbara Harwood, NLTI Project Advisory Committee, Speakers Bureau ALCOA, North Saanich²

Cheryl Hedgecock, British Columbia Parks and Recreation, Richmond²

Willy Shippey, Yukon Health and Social Services, Thompson Centre, Whitehorse^1,2

Marjorie Sandercock, Yellowknife¹

Jason Collins, Recreation and Leadership Division, Government of Nunavut, Igloolik²

Health Canada

The National Standards for Preparing Senior Fitness Instructors were published by Jones, C.J. & Clark, J. (1998). National standards for preparing senior fitness instructors. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 6, 207_221.

Chair: C. Jessie Jones, Council on Aging and Adult Development, American Association for Active Lifestyles and Fitness

Janie Clark, American Senior Fitness Association

Richard Cotton, American Council on Exercise

Laura Gladwin, Aerobics and Fitness Association of America

Gwen Hyatt, Desert Southwest Fitness, Inc.

Lee Morgan, Cooper Institute of Aerobic Research

Kay Van Norman, Council on Aging and Adult Development, American Association for Active Lifestyles and Fitness

A coalition of members from 13 countries and a committee from the United States made recommendations for the International Curriculum Guidelines for Preparing Physical Activity Instructors of Older Adults.

Co-chairs

Nancy Ecclestone, Canada

C. Jessie Jones, United States

Susie Dinan, England

Dorothy Dobson, Scotland

Ellen Freiberger, Germany

Linda Halliday, South Africa

Carol Hansen, Canada

Eino Heikkinen, Finland

Keith Hill, Australia

Marijke Hopman_Rock, The Netherlands

Gareth Jones, Canada

Alexandre Kalache, WHO

Stephanie Luxton, Canada

Michele Porter, Canada

Suely Santos, Brazil

Federico Schena, Italy

Cody Sipe, United States

Kiyoji Tanaka, Japan

Janice Tay, Singapore

Bruce Taylor, Canada

Catrine Tudor-Locke, United States

Chair: C. Jessie Jones, American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)

Kazuko Aoyagi, World Instructor Training Schools (WITS)

Ken Baldwin, A.H. Ismail Center for Health, Exercise & Nutrition, Purdue University

Grant Clark, American Senior Fitness Association

Janie Clark, American Senior Fitness Association

Wojtek Chodzko-Zajko, National Blueprint on Active Aging

Laura Gladwin, American Fitness and Aerobic Association

Carol Kennedy, Indiana University

Steve Keteyian, ACSM

Rainer Martens, Human Kinetics

Julie McNeney, International Council on Active Aging

Colin Milner, International Council on Active Aging

Tammy Peterson, American Academy of Health and Fitness

Jerry Purvis, American Kinesiotherapy Association

Roberta Rikli, Center for Successful Aging, Cal State University, Fullerton

Debra Rose, Center for Successful Aging, Cal State University, Fullerton

Christine Schnitzer, Healthy Strides, Kisco Senior Living Facilities

Cody Sipe, A.H. Ismail Center for Health, Exercise & Nutrition, Purdue University

Christian Thompson, Council on Adult Development and Aging (CAAD), American Association for Active Lifestyles and Fitness (AAALF)

Mary Visser, CAAD, AAALF

Judy Wright, Human Kinetics

Organizations and Coalitions supporting the International Guidelines for Preparing Physical Activity Instructors of Older Adults as of this printing include the following:

American Association for Active Lifestyles and Fitness, Council on Adult Development and Aging

American Kinesiotherapy Association

American Fitness and Aerobic Association

American Senior Fitness Association

Desert Southwest Fitness, Inc.

International Council on Active Aging

National Blueprint: Increasing Physical Activity Among Adults Age 50 and Older

World Instructor Training Schools

Organizations and Coalitions endorsing the International Guidelines for Preparing Physical Activity Instructors of Older Adults as of this printing include the following:

Active Living Coalition for Older Adults

Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging

Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology